[Grem] 'A PÁPA / PÁPÁK / A VATIKÁN / EGYHÁZTÖRTÉNELEM' levelezés

2025. Sze. 25., Cs, 19:40:19 CEST

Alapmű a címben megjelölt témában:
https://szitkonyvek.hu/papa-szentszek-vatikan-72744
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A Ferenc pápa általi változtatások még nincsenek ebben a kiadásban.
(dikasztériumok, stb.)

***

[image: images.jpg]
[image: images.jpg]

ÜdvözletteL.

Emoke Greschik <greschem at gmail.com> ezt írta (időpont: 2025. szept. 25.,
Cs, 17:22):

> Looking at a High Point of the Middle Ages: The Dictatus Papae of Saint
> Gregory VII
> by Roberto de Mattei
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/author/roberto-de-mattei/> September 22,
> 2025
>
> https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/09/looking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii/
>
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>
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> <https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=Looking%20at%20a%20High%20Point%20of%20the%20Middle%20Ages%3A%20The%20Dictatus%20Papae%20of%20Saint%20Gregory%20VII&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.returntoorder.org%2F2025%2F09%2Flooking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii%2F&via=ReturnToOrder>
> <https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=Looking%20at%20a%20High%20Point%20of%20the%20Middle%20Ages%3A%20The%20Dictatus%20Papae%20of%20Saint%20Gregory%20VII&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.returntoorder.org%2F2025%2F09%2Flooking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii%2F&via=ReturnToOrder>
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> <https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?title=Looking%20at%20a%20High%20Point%20of%20the%20Middle%20Ages%3A%20The%20Dictatus%20Papae%20of%20Saint%20Gregory%20VII&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.returntoorder.org%2F2025%2F09%2Flooking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii%2F&mini=true>
> <https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?title=Looking%20at%20a%20High%20Point%20of%20the%20Middle%20Ages%3A%20The%20Dictatus%20Papae%20of%20Saint%20Gregory%20VII&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.returntoorder.org%2F2025%2F09%2Flooking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii%2F&mini=true>
> <?subject=Looking%20at%20a%20High%20Point%20of%20the%20Middle%20Ages%3A%20The%20Dictatus%20Papae%20of%20Saint%20Gregory%20VII&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.returntoorder.org%2F2025%2F09%2Flooking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii%2F>
> <?subject=Looking%20at%20a%20High%20Point%20of%20the%20Middle%20Ages%3A%20The%20Dictatus%20Papae%20of%20Saint%20Gregory%20VII&body=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.returntoorder.org%2F2025%2F09%2Flooking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii%2F>
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/09/looking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii/#>
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/09/looking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii/#>
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/09/looking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii/#>
>
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/09/looking-at-a-high-point-of-the-middle-ages-the-dictatus-papae-of-saint-gregory-vii/#>
> [image: Looking at a High Point of the Middle Ages: The Dictatus Papae of
> Saint Gregory VII]
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2019/11/how-the-medieval-social-order-found-the-balance-between-the-local-and-the-global/>Looking
> at a High Point of the Middle Ages: The Dictatus Papae of Saint Gregory VII
>
> *The pontificate of Saint Gregory VII (1073-1085) (*born Hildebrand of
> Soana) constitutes *one of the high points of the Christian Middle Ages
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2022/10/dispelling-errors-defending-the-church-how-lies-about-the-middle-ages-ultimately-target-the-church/>.
> *The pinnacle of his pontificate is *the Dictatus Papae, a collection of
> twenty-seven statements defining the pope’s prerogatives and his
> relationship with temporal authority.*
>
> In it, *Gregory proclaimed the pontiff’s superiority
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/08/sacrality-or-vulgarity/> over the
> emperor in religious and moral matters*. He asserted for the Papacy the
> role of the highest and most preeminent power on earth. This work was
> likely written between 1075 and 1078, at the height of the bitter *conflict
> with the German ruler Henry IV. *At the time, Henry was not yet Holy
> Roman Emperor. Nonetheless, *he had already initiated the so-called
> investiture controversy against the Church.*
>
> *“The Roman Pontiff,” affirms St. Gregory VII, “is rightly called
> universal.” *(n. 2*); “his title is unique in the world” (n. 11); “no one
> can judge him” (n. 19); “the Roman Church has never erred" ** (n. 18) );
> "nor will it ever err for all eternity, according to the testimony of the
> Scriptures” (n. 22);  “no one can reform any statement he issues;
> conversely, he can reform any statement issued by anyone else.”*
> furthermore*, “it is licit for the pope to depose emperors” *(n. 12) and *“he
> can release subjects from fidelity to the wicked”* (n. 27).
>
> Theologically, *by appealing to his role as universal pastor, Gregory
> rejects the assertion that the papal throne cannot excommunicate kings or
> release their subjects from their bonds of fealty. *The doctrine of Saint
> Gregory VII is *based on the words with which Our Lord invested Saint
> Peter
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2025/02/saint-peter-was-a-saint-not-a-tyrant/>—the
> power to bind and loose both on earth and in Heaven*—and on various
> passages from Gregory the Great and other writers. He questioned how it
> could be possible to maintain that he who has the power to open and close
> the gates of Heaven does not have the power to judge the things of this
> world. *According to Gregory, Peter was constituted sovereign over the
> world’s kingdoms. *To him, God subjected all the principalities and
> powers of the earth, granting him the power to bind and loose in Heaven and
> on earth. *Kings and emperors are not exempt from those divine and
> natural laws to which all men are subject and the Church is the guardian.*
>
> *During the synod of February 1076*, consistent with these claims, *Gregory
> VII dismissed and excommunicated the German King Henry IV*. In the
> process, *Gregory also exempted **Henry’s **subjects from their oath of
> fealty*. *Henry’s excommunication and deposition were renewed at the
> Roman Synod of 1080,* when Gregory confirmed the election of Rudolph of
> Swabia as Emperor.
>
> *In 1119, the Archbishop of Vienna, Guy of Burgundy, was elected Pope at
> Cluny, taking the name Callixtus II (1119-1124). He invoked the teachings
> of Gregory VII. On October 29-30 of the same year, a great synod took place
> in Reims in the presence of more than 400 bishops. There, the pope renewed
> the condemnation of Emperor Henry V, son of Henry IV. *As the pope
> pronounced the words of excommunication, the four hundred bishops broke the
> candles they held. *Later, the Concordat of Worms (1122) ended the
> investiture controversy. *It recognized the Church’s direct universal
> supremacy on the spiritual plane and its indirect power on the temporal
> plane. *Callixtus II then held the Ninth Ecumenical Council in the
> Lateran in March 1123. *It was also the first assembly of all bishops
> held in the West. At it, *the new agreement between the Church and the
> Empire was solemnly confirmed.*
>
> *The eighth statement of the Dictatus Papae, according to which “Only the
> pope can use the imperial insignia,” *has sparked controversy throughout
> the centuries. Yet this statement *encapsulates the entire political
> theology of the Middle Ages. The Church is not only the supreme spiritual
> authority but also the source of imperial authority. The Church possesses
> two means of coercion. The first is spiritual, ecclesiastical censures. The
> second is material, the right to vis armata. This constitutes the
> juridical-canonical foundation of the Crusades
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2024/07/its-time-to-abandon-the-populists-godless-crusades/>,
> as proclaimed by the Roman Pontiffs in the name of this authority. This
> thesis was later enunciated, among others, by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux *when,
> in the treatise *De consideratione*, he reminds Pope Eugene III that both
> swords—the spiritual and the material—belong to the pope and the Church. *This
> relationship is depicted in the art of the period. The pope is always
> depicted at the top, and the emperor stands one step below to his left.
> Below the emperor are all the kings and sovereigns of the temporal sphere.
> Then, gradually, the artist depicts all members of the Catholic hierarchy
> who govern the spiritual sphere.*
>
> *The power of excommunication and deposition of sovereigns, *which
> transcends the Middle Ages, stems from this doctrine. *In 1535, Pope Paul
> III declared King Henry VIII of England deprived of his kingdom. *On
> February 25, *1570, Saint Pius V issued a declaration against Queen
> Elizabeth Tudor in which, in the name of the powers conferred upon him, he
> declared her guilty of heresy.* *She was subsequently excommunicated and
> deprived of her supposed right to the English crown. *No oath of fidelity
> bound her subjects to her any longer. Indeed, , they were forbidden to obey
> her under penalty of excommunication.
>
> In the fifth book on *De Romano Pontifice**, Saint Robert Bellarmine
> explains that divine right does not give the pope direct temporal
> jurisdiction. He does, however, possess extensive indirect jurisdiction. *The
> Jesuit Doctor also bases this conclusion on the *Dictatus Papae* of Saint
> Gregory VII. Two eminent twentieth-century jurists, Father Luigi Cappello
> and Cardinal Alfredo Ottaviani, considered this to be *the position of
> the Magisterium of the Church as described in their manuals
> of Ecclesiastical Public Law, which educated the clergy until recent times*.
> Cardinal Alfonso Maria Stickler also confirmed it in his studies on the
> history of canon law. The power to excommunicate and depose a prince
> derives from the *plenitudo potestatis* of the Church, founded on its
> power to loose and bind.
>
> Gregory VII’s Dictatus *Papae*, like other famous documents such as
> Boniface VIII’s bull *Unam Sanctam and** Pius IX**’s Syllabus*, is an
> essential text for understanding the Church’s thinking on the relationship
> between the spiritual and temporal orders.
>
> *Saint Gregory VII gave his name to the most profound reform of the Church
> in the Middle Ages*. *His was a genuine spiritual and moral reform, also
> founded on the fullness of power of the Vicar of Christ, the plenitudo
> potestatis. Gregory VII would have liked to complete his spiritual reform
> by calling a grand crusade against the infidels*. However, that task fell
> to his successor (one of his disciples), Blessed Urban II, a Cluniac
> Benedictine, who had the honor of proclaiming *it. The epic of the
> Crusades was born from the spirit of Gregorian and Cluniac reform to the
> cry of “God wills it.
> <https://www.returntoorder.org/2020/07/how-blessed-isabel-of-france-shows-that-suffering-is-more-important-than-enjoying-life/>”
> That most illustrious chapter of the Church’s history took place between
> the eleventh and thirteenth centuries*.
>
>
>
>
>
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